Question
Read the passage below and identify which of the
following statements (I, II, and III) would strengthen the assertion made. Select the correct combination from the options provided. Passage: Over the last decade, the city of Metropolis has allocated nearly 20% of its annual budget toward upgrading the public transportation network to reduce traffic congestion. These funds were exclusively directed to state-of-the-art subway expansions and a new fleet of electric buses. However, recent urban surveys indicate that the average commute time for residents has actually increased by 15% since 2018. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that the investment in public transportation has been inadequate in solving the congestion problem? I. Despite the subway expansion, more than 40% of the city’s residential neighborhoods still lack a transit station within walking distance. II. Commuters reported that during peak hours, buses are frequently trapped in the same gridlock as private vehicles because there are no dedicated bus lanes. III. The city recently introduced a "Green Tax" on older, high-emission private vehicles to encourage the use of the new electric buses.Solution
Analysis of the Argument: The passage highlights a gap between high spending on transit and poor results (increased commute times). To strengthen this, we need evidence that the infrastructure is still insufficient or poorly planned. Statement I follows: This strengthens the argument by showing a specific "adequacy gap." If 40% of neighborhoods aren't reached by the new subways, the infrastructure remains inadequate to serve the population, explaining why congestion persists. Statement II follows: This strengthens the argument by identifying a flaw in the "utilization" of the funds. If the new buses are stuck in traffic, the infrastructure expansion failed to address the core problem of flow, supporting the claim that the setup is inadequate. Statement III is incorrect: This is a policy move regarding vehicle taxation. While it relates to traffic, it describes an attempt to fix the problem through regulation rather than providing evidence that the existing infrastructure is inadequate. It neither strengthens nor weakens the specific claim about the inadequacy of the physical transit network.
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