PFRDA Assistant Manager Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024

PFRDA Grade Exam Pattern and Syllabus 2024

Understanding the exam pattern and syllabus is crucial for effective preparation in any competitive examination. It provides insights into the structure, marking scheme, and topics to focus on. Familiarity with the exam pattern enables candidates to strategize their study approach, allocate time efficiently, and practice effectively. As soon as the PFRDA Grade A notification for the 2024 recruitment cycle gets released, screening the syllabus and exam pattern should be one of your initial steps, alongside focusing on the PFRDA Grade A eligibility criteria, exam dates, salary details and other information. Therefore, to make your work easier and faster we are providing you with the complete PFRDA Grade A syllabus and pattern for the exam, here in this article. Please note, the syllabus varies according to the stream you are applying for. For the time being we can go through the last notification syllabus and exam pattern details, which was notified in September 2022.

PFRDA Grade A Exam Pattern 2024

After going through the PFRDA Assistant Manager exam notification, you will get important information regarding PFRDA Grade A exam pattern. The PFRDA Assistant Manager exam pattern comprises the following three phases.

  • Phase 1 (Online screening consisting of two papers of 100 marks each)
  • Phase 2 (Online examination consisting of two papers of 100 marks each)
  • Phase 3 (Interview)

PFRDA Grade A What’s New?

Notification20202021
Stages of the exam There were two stages in the exam
  • Phase 1 (Online test)
  • Phase 2 (Group Discussion and Interview)
The exam pattern comprises three stages
  • Phase 1 (Online screening-qualifying in nature)
  • Phase 2 (Online examination) (MCQ+Descriptive)
  • Phase 3 (Interview)
Written: Interview Ratio 80:20 85:15

PFRDA Grade A 2024 Phase 1 Exam Pattern

FRDA Grade A exam pattern for Phase 1 is a multiple-choice question-based exam. It will consist of two papers - Paper 1 and Paper 2. The PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) Paper 1 exam is common for every stream. It carries 100 marks. Paper 2 is however different for different streams. Further details on the PFRDA Assistant Manager exam pattern can be obtained from the table below.

PaperStream / SubjectMaximum MarksNumber of QuestionsTime Duration
Paper 1
All Stream: Multiple choice questions on the subjects
English Language 25 20 60 minutes
Quantitative Aptitude 25 20
Test of Reasoning 25 20
General Awareness (including some questions related to financial sector) 25 20
Total 100 80  
Paper 2 General Stream: Multiple choice questions on subjects Commerce, Accountancy, Management, Finance, Costing, Companies Act, Economics and Pension Sector. 100 50 40 minutes
Information Technology, Finance and Accounts, Research Economics), Legal and Official Language (Rajbhasha) Streams: Multiple choice questions on Specialised subject related to stream. 100 50 40 minutes

Note: You have to secure separate cut-offs in each paper as well as overall cut-off marks in Phase 1.

The minimum overall cut-off marks for being shortlisted for Phase 2 will be decided by the Authority in relation to the number of vacancies.

Marks obtained in Phase 1 shall be used only for shortlisting candidates for Phase 2 and will not be counted for the final selection of the candidates.

PFRDA Grade A 2024 Phase 2 Exam Pattern

PFRDA Grade A Exam Pattern for Phase 2 consists of two papers as well, i.e., Paper 1 and Paper 2. Paper 1 is of the English language (common for all streams) and Paper 2 is subject-related. Paper 1 will be descriptive in nature whereas, in Paper 2, multiple-choice questions will be asked. The time limit varies for each paper. Further details on the PFRDA Grade A Mains exam pattern as given in the table below.

PaperStream / SubjectMaximum MarksNumber of QuestionsTime Duration
Paper 1 All Stream: English (Descriptive Test) to test the drafting skills 100 3 60 minutes
Paper 2 General Stream: Multiple choice questions on subjects Commerce, Accountancy, Management, Finance, Costing, Companies Act, Economics and Pension Sector 100 50 40 minutes
Information Technology, Official Language (Rajbhasha), Finance & Accounts, Research (Economics) Streams: Multiple choice questions on Specialised subject related to stream. 100 50 40 minutes

Note: A separate call letter will be issued to you if you qualify for PFRDA Grade A Phase 3- Interview

You have to secure separate cut-offs in each paper as well as overall cut-off marks in PFRDA Grade A Phase 2

Paper 2 will be conducted in several shifts. Hence, if you have applied to multiple streams the same shall be intimated to you in the call letter

Only if you qualify for the Paper 1 test, your Paper 2 will be evaluated

Phase 3- Personal Interview

You will be shortlisted for PFRDA Grade A Phase 3 i.e Interview, based on your performance in the Phase 2 exam. You can opt for an interview in Hindi or English at your convenience. The final merit for PFRDA Grade A Recruitment will be decided on the marks obtained by you in Phases 2 and 3. The final merit consists of a weightage of 85% marks obtained in PFRDA Exam Phase 2 and a weightage of 15% marks obtained in PFRDA Grade A Phase 3 (Interview).

PFRDA Grade A Marking Scheme

In the PFRDA Grade A exam, a wrong answer will attract a penalty of 1/4th of the mark assigned to that question. The detailed PFRDA Grade A Marking Scheme is provided in the table below.

PaperStream / SubjectMaximum MarksNumber of QuestionsTime Duration
Paper 1 All Stream: English (Descriptive Test) to test the drafting skills 100 3 60 minutes
Paper 2 General Stream: Multiple choice questions on subjects Commerce, Accountancy, Management, Finance, Costing, Companies Act, Economics and Pension Sector 100 50 40 minutes
Information Technology, Official Language (Rajbhasha), Finance & Accounts, Research (Economics) Streams: Multiple choice questions on Specialised subject related to stream. 100 50 40 minutes

PFRDA Phase 1 Paper 1 Syllabus (Common for all Streams)

The PFRDA Grade A syllabus for Phase 1-Paper 1 consists of various subjects - English Language, Reasoning, General Awareness, and Quantitative Aptitude. This paper is common for all the streams. The detailed PFRDA Grade A syllabus for Phase 1 is listed below.

PFRDA Phase 2 Paper 1 Syllabus (Common for all Streams)

PFRDA Grade A Paper 1 of Phase 2 is descriptive English Language (common for all streams). The detailed PFRDA Grade A syllabus for Phase 2- Paper 1 for all streams is given below.

SectionTopics
English Language Anonyms, Homonyms, Antonyms, Spelling, Word formation, Idioms and phrases, Fill in the suitable words, Grammar, Spotting errors, Sentence correction, Active/ passive voice, Phrases and idioms, Direct and indirect speech, Reading Comprehension, Passage completion, Theme detection, Deriving conclusion, Rearrangement of passage
Quantitative Aptitude Simplification and approximation, Number Series, Quadratic Equation, Number System / HCF & LCM, Ratio and Proportion, Average, Partnership, Ages, Percentage, Profit & Loss, Time, Speed & Distance, Problems on Trains, Boat and Stream, Time & Work / Pipes and Cisterns, Simple and Compound Interest, Mixture & Allegations, Permutation and Combination, Probability, Data Interpretation (DI), Caselet DI and Data Sufficiency
Reasoning Analogy, Classification, Word formation, Statement and conclusions, Syllogism, Statement and assumptions, Statement and arguments, Coding decoding, Blood relations, Passage and conclusions, Alphabet test, Series test, Number, ranking and time sequence, Direction sense test, Decision-making test, Figure series, Input/output, Assertion and reasoning, Sitting arrangement, Odd figure out, Analogy, Series test, Miscellaneous test
General Awareness Monetary Policies, Banking and Financial Awareness, Economic Terms, Current Affairs, Static GK, Financial and Economic News, Government Schemes. Agreement & Deals, Banking Terms- rates & processes, National Institutions

PFRDA Paper 2 Syllabus (Common for Both phases)

The PFRDA Assistant Manager exam syllabus for Phase 2- Paper 2 for General, Actuarial, Finance & Accounts, Information Technology, Official Language (Rajbhasha), Research (Economics) and Research (Statistics) is provided in the table below.

SectionTopics
English Writing Skills Precis Writing , Essay Writing , Comprehension

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for General Stream

SectionTopics
Commerce and Accountancy
  • Accounting as a financial information system
  • Accounting standards with specific system ;
    Revenue Recognitions , Fixed Assets , Foreign Exchange Transactions ,Investment
  • Cash Flow Statement, Fund flow statement, Financial statement analysis; Ratio analysis
  • Accounting for Share Capital Transactions including Bonus Shares, Right Shares.
  • Employees Stock Option and Buy-Back of Securities.
  • Preparation and Presentation of Company Final Accounts
Managment
  • Management: its nature and scope; The Management Processes ; Planning, Organization ,Staffing, Directing and Controlling
  • The Role of a Manager in an Organization. Leadership: The Tasks of a Leader
  • Leadership Styles ; Leadership Theories ; A successful Leader versus an effective Leader
  • Human Resource Development: Concept of HRD ; Goals of HRD
  • Motivation , Morale and Incentives: Theories of Motivation ; How Managers Motivate ; Concept of Morale ; Factors determining morale ; Role &gt ;Incentives in Building up Morale
  • Communication; Verbal versus non-verbal Communication; upward, downward and lateral communication; Barriers to Communication, Role of Information Technology
Finance Finance System
  • Role and Functions of Regulatory bodies in Financial Sector
Financial Markets
  • Primary and Secondary Markets (Forex, Money, Bond, Equity, etc.), functions, instruments, recent developments
General Topics
  • Basics of Derivatives: Forward, Futures and Swap
  • Recent Developments in the Financial Sector
  • Financial Inclusion- use of technology
  • Alternate source of finance, private and social cost-benefit, Public-Private Partnership
  • Direct and Indirect taxes ; Non-tax sources of Revenue , GST, Finance Commission , Fiscal Policy , Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM)
  • Inflation: Definition , trends, estimates , consequences , and remedies (control): WPI, CPI - components and trends
Costing
  • Overview of Cost and Management Accounting - Introduction to Cost and Management Accounting, Objectives and Scope of Cost and Management Accounting
  • Methods of Costing - Single Output/ Unit Costing, Job Costing, Batch Costing, Contract Costing, Process/ Operation Costing, Costing of Service Sectors
  • Basics of Cost Control and Analysis - (i) Standard Costing, (ii) Marginal Costing, (iii) Budget and Budgetary Control
Lean System and innovation:-
  • Introduction to Lean System
  • Just-in-Time (JIT)
  • Kaizen Costing
  • 5 Ss
  • Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
  • Cellular Manufacturing/ One-Piece Flow Production Systems
  • Six Sigma (SS)
  • Introduction to Process Innovation and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)
Companies Act
  • The Companies Act, 2013 – Specific reference to Chapter III, Chapter IV, Chapter VIII, Chapter X, Chapter XI,Chapter XII and Chapter XXVII
Economics
  • Demand and Supply , Market Structures , National Income: Concepts and Measurement,Classical & Keynesian Approach Determination of output and employment , Consumption Function , Investment Function , Multiplier and Accelerator , Demand and Supply for Money , IS LM , Inflation and Phillips Curve,Business Cycles
  • Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange Markets , Inflation, Monetary and Fiscal Policy , Non-banking Financial Institutions
Pension Sector
  • Status of pension sector in India
  • Types of retirement schemes in India and their features
  • National Pension Yojana
  • Atal Pension Yojana
  • Annuity Plans
  • Basics of investment

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for Information Technology Stream

TopicsDetails
Database Concept ER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, Integrity constraints, normal forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control.
SQL Queries Select, view, truncate, delete, update, alter, Inner join, different types of outer joins,, use of aggregate functions, Union, intersection, except, in and exist clauses, nested queries.
Programming Concepts (Java /C C++ ) Program control (iteration, recursion, Functions), Scope of variables, Binding of variables & functions, Parameter passing, Functional and Logic Programming, OOPS Concepts, Inheritance, Class and object, Constructors, Functions, Exception Handling.
Data Analytics Languages (Python / R) Regex, Slicing, Data reshaping, Dataframes, Dictionaries and Sets, File Management, Classes and Functions, Data Mining, Lists, Importing and exporting data, charts and graphs .
Algorithms for problem solving Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; hashing, Sorting, Searching; Design techniques (Greedy, Dynamic Programming, Divideand-conquer).
Networking Concepts ISO/OSI stack, LAN Technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), TCP/UDP,IP, Basic concepts of switches, gateways, and routers, Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP), Firewalls.
Information & Cyber Security Concepts Cyber Attacks, Software Development Security, Network security, Authentication, CIA - Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, Network Audit, Systems Audit .
Data warehousing Data Extraction, Data Cleaning, Data Transformation, Data Loading, Metadata, Data Cube, Data Mart, Data Models.
Shell Programming Shell Scripting Basics, Shell Variables, Shell Script Arguments, If Statement, Loop, Return, Basic UNIX commands.

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for Research (Economics) Stream

SectionTopics
Economics Demand and Supply, Market Structures, National Income, Determination of output and employment, Investment Function, Multiplier and Accelerator, Demand and Supply for Money, IS – LM, Inflation and Phillips Curve, Business Cycles, Inflation, Monetary and Fiscal Policy, Banking Functions, Public Goods, Tax & Non-Tax Revenue, Direct & Indirect Taxes, Fiscal Balance, Public Debt, Public Budget and Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments.
Statistics and Econometrics Measures of Central tendency & dispersions, Correlation, Sampling methods, Sampling Distribution, Statistical Inferences, Hypothesis testing, Regression Analysis, Panel Data Analysis, Time Series Properties and Analysis.
Financial Institutions and Markets Asymmetric Information, Market Model, Market Efficiency, Money, Credit and Capital Markets, Primary Market, Secondary Market, Commodity Markets, Mutual Funds, Stock Exchanges, Credit Rating Agencies, Pension And Insurance Markets, Foreign Exchange Markets, Role of International Financial Institutions, IS, IMF & World Bank.

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for Finance and Accounts Stream

SectionTopics
The Basic Financial Statement
  • Trial Balance
  • Balance Sheet,Cash Flow Statement,Income Statement
  • Analysis of Financial Statement Ratio,Break Even Analysis,IND AS,Standard on Auditing
  • Cost accounting concepts (basics)
  • Marginal costing,Cost volume profit analysis,Cost sheet,Forecasting
  • Managment accounting
  • Cost of capital,Capital structure,Capital budgeting,Sources of finance,Corporate accounting
  • Business Law
  • Negotiable instruments,Contract act,Partnership act,Company law (Go through all these laws with amendments)
  • Income Tax Act,GST,Knowledge of IT and Digital Transaction,Compliance of KYC Norms,Financial System : Role and Functions of Regulatory bodies in Financial Sector,Financial Markets: Primary and Secondary Markets (Forex, Money, Bond, Equity, etc.), functions, instruments, recent developments.
  • General Topics
  • Basics of Derivatives: Forward, Futures and Swap,Recent Developments in the Financial Sector,Financial Inclusion- use of technology,Alternate source of finance, private and social cost-benefit, Public-Private Partnership,Direct and Indirect taxes; Non-tax sources of Revenue, Finance Commission, Fiscal Policy, Fiscal ,Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM),Inflation: Definition, trends, estimates, consequences, and remedies (control): WPI, CPI - components and trends,Economics: Capital market, Money market, Micro and macro economics concepts and Updates related to money market and RBI policies

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for Official Language (Rajbhasa) Stream

SectionTopics
Rajbhasa
  • भारत सरकार की राजभाषा नीति (Official Language Policy of the Government of India) से सम्बंधित प्रश्न
  • हिंदी से अंग्रेजी अनुवाद [शब्द / वाक्यांश / वाक्य / Terms /phases /sentences]
  • अंग्रेज़ी से हिंदी अनुवाद [शब्द / वाक्यांश / वाक्य / Terms /phases /sentences]
  • हिंदी से अंग्रेजी - विधिक शब्दावली(Legal Terminology)
  • हिंदी से अंग्रेजी - विधिक शब्दावली(Legal Terminology)
  • हिंदी से अंग्रेजी - पेंशन प्रशासनिक बैंकिंग पुजीबाज़ार और सामाजिक सुरक्षा शब्द वाली (Pension /Administrative / Banking / Capital Market / Economics / Social Security Terminology)
  • अंग्रेज़ी से हिंदी - पेंशन प्रशासनिक बैंकिंग पुजीबाज़ार और सामाजिक सुरक्षा शब्द वाली (Pension /Administrative / Banking / Capital Market / Economics / Social Security Terminology)

PFRDA Syllabus Paper 2 for Legal Stream

Topics
PFRDA Act, 2013
IRDAI Act, 1999,
SEBI Act, 1992
Constitution of India –Preamble, Part I, Part III, Part IV, Part IVA, Part V, Part VI, Part VIII, Part IXA, Part IXB, Part XI, Part XII, Part XIII, Part XIV, Part XIVA, Part XX
Law of Contracts –Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Chapters I to VI and VIII to X), Indian Partnership Act, 1932, Specific Relief Act, 1963
Criminal Law –Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Chapters I, II, III, IV, V, VA, VI, IX, XVII, XXI, XXII, XXIII); Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Law of Evidence –Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 –Part I, Part II, Part III, Part IV, Part V, Part VII, Schedule-I
Administrative Law and Principles of Natural Justice
Jurisprudence and Interpretation of Statutes
Important Latin terms and maxims
Law of Torts and Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 –Part I, Part III, Part IV
Transfer of Property Act, 1882 –Chapter III, Chapter IV, Chapter V
Law of Trusts –Parties to a Trust Deed and Duties of Trustees
Corporate Law –Companies Act, 2013 (Chapter I, Chapter II, Chapter III, Chapter IV, Chapter V, Chapter VII, Chapter VIII, Chapter IX, Chapter X, Chapter XI, Chapter XII, Chapter XIII, Chapter XV, Chapter XVI, Chapter XXVII, Chapter XXVIII, Chapter XXIX); Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008; Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Part I, Part II)
Taxation –General principles

PFRDA Exam Language

The PFRDA Assistant Manager exam is bilingual in nature i.e. Hindi/ English except for the test for English Language and the Descriptive Test. Besides this, you can also opt for an interview in either Hindi or English.

PFRDA Grade A Important Books 2024

Any preparation is incomplete without relevant and good study material. Therefore, before starting your preparation, you must know which books to go for so that you do not waste your precious time reading irrelevant books. To assist you with the preparation, some important PFRDA Grade A books are mentioned below which can be useful in your preparation journey. Also for all current affairs-related content, you can refer to ixamBee's BeePedia capsules.

PaperBooksAuthor/Publisher
Securities Markets Capital Markets & Securities Laws N.S.Zad
Economic and Social Issues Indian Economy Uma Kapila or Mishra Puri
Indian Economy Ramesh Singh
Sociology CN Shankar Rao
Finance & Management Financial Management Prasanna Chandra or IM Pandey
Indian Financial System Bharti Pathak
Principles & Practise of Management LM Prasad / Sultan Chand & Sons
Organisational Behaviour SP Robins
Principles of Management Harold Kootz & Cyril J.O’Donnell / McGraw Hills
Quantitative Aptitude Quicker Mathematics BSC Publications
Quantitative Aptitude RS Agarwal
Class Notes SS Bharti
Reasoning Ability A modern approach to verbal & Non-verbal reasoning R.S. Agarwal
Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning S.Chand
Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning Arihant Publication
English Language English Grammar Wren & Martin
Word power made easy Norman Lewis
Descriptive General English SP Bakshi
General Awareness Lucent GK Knowledge Lucent Publication
BeePedia ixamBee
English Descriptive Descriptive English S.P. BAKSHI
151 Essays S.C Gupta
Letter writing S.C Gupta
Indian Economic Since Independence Uma Kapila Academic Foundation
Business Law Including Company Law SS Gulshan New Age International Publishers

PFRDA Grade A 2024 Free Mock Tests

Make sure that you leave no stone unturned while preparing for PFRDA Grade A 2024. To evaluate your preparation level, the best way is to attempt mock tests as much as possible. It not only increases your speed but also improves your overall score in the exam. Thus, we at ixamBee are providing practice tests for PFRDA Grade A exam absolutely free of cost. You can attempt PFRDA Grade A exam mock tests 2024 by just logging in to the website. You will also find the stream-specific PFRDA Grade A mock tests on our website.

PFRDA Grade A Online Coaching 2024

To assist you with the PFRDA Grade A exam 2024, ixamBee has come up with a comprehensive and well-curated PFRDA Grade ‘A’ Online Course 2024 that has all the essential components needed to ace the exam. You will find every important detail that is necessary to excel in the PFRDA Grade A examination. Some features of the Online Course have been provided below.

  • 400+ Video Lessons covering the entire Syllabus for all Papers of PFRDA Grade A Phase 1
  • Study Notes designed by expert faculty covering the PFRDA Grade A syllabus for Phase 1
  • 10 Full-length Mock Tests for PFRDA Grade A Phase 1, adhering to PFRDA Grade A exam pattern
  • Practice questions apart from mock tests covering all the new subjects/topics
  • Daily Live Online Classes for doubt clarification with the subject experts
  • PFRDA Phase 3 (Group Discussion and Interview) guidance

PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A Phase I Paper 1 - Free Mock Tests

PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 5

PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 5

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks
PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 4

PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 4

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks
PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 3

PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 3

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks
PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 2

PFRDA Grade A (Assistant Manager) 2022 Phase I Paper 1 Mock Test 2

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks

PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A Phase I Paper 1 - Previous Year Question Paper

PFRDA Grade A 2022 Phase 1 Paper 1 Previous Year Paper

PFRDA Grade A 2022 Phase 1 Paper 1 Previous Year Paper

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks
PFRDA Grade A 2021 Phase 1 Paper 1 Previous Year Paper

PFRDA Grade A 2021 Phase 1 Paper 1 Previous Year Paper

  • 60 Minutes
  • 80 Questions
  • 100 Marks
PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A 2020 Previous Year Paper

PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A 2020 Previous Year Paper

  • 150 Minutes
  • 190 Questions
  • 200 Marks
PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A 2017 Previous Year Paper Phase 1

PFRDA Assistant Manager Grade A 2017 Previous Year Paper Phase 1

  • 120 Minutes
  • 200 Questions
  • 200 Marks

FAQs

To utilise your time fruitfully we have provided a list of books above. Besides that, you can refer ixamBee BeePedia for updates on current issues.
Get aware of the detailed syllabus and exam pattern. Then attempt free mocks and previous year's papers to know the question level difficulty of the PFRDA Grade A exam.
Practice is the key to success. The more your practice the more chances are there that you will not run out of time and have proper strategy to handle every section in the PFRDA Gr A exam.
ixamBee PFRDA Grade A free online practice tests are designed with an aim to provide the best preparation for exams. The detailed solution of the questions after each practice paper gives performance reports that help in improving the weaker sections.

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