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      Question

      In the question below, a statement is given depicting

      an issue or a problem. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true even if it is at variance from commonly known facts. On the basis of the information given in the statement, decide which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s). Statement: Traditionally, urban planning treats transportation, water management, and energy distribution as independent sectors, with separate budgets and engineering teams. However, modern urbanization has created a "system-of-systems" where a failure in the power grid can instantly disable water pumps and traffic signaling, leading to a total urban shutdown. The interlinkages between these infrastructures mean that a small localized glitch can cascade into a city-wide crisis. Courses of Action: I. Urban planners should adopt an integrated cross-sectoral framework to identify and mitigate the risks of cascading infrastructure failures. II. Budgetary allocations should be strictly separated for each sector to ensure that specialized engineering teams can focus exclusively on their own infrastructure.
      A Only I follows Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Only II follows Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Either I or II follows Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Neither I nor II follows Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Both I and II follow Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Analysis of Statement: The passage highlights a flaw in the traditional "independent" approach to urban planning. It points out that because sectors are now interdependent, a failure in one affects the others (cascading failure). Evaluation of Course I: Since the problem is that failures are interconnected, the logical solution is to analyze them together using a "cross-sectoral framework." This directly addresses the "system-of-systems" complexity mentioned in the statement. Thus, I follows. Evaluation of Course II: This course of action suggests reinforcing the traditional "separate" approach. The statement clearly explains that this isolation is the reason why cascading risks are currently a threat. Strengthening the separation would not solve the problem of interdependency; it would likely worsen the inability to see cascading risks. Thus, II does not follow.

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