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      Question

      In the question below, two statements (I) and (II) are

      given. These statements may be either independent causes or may be effects of independent causes or a common cause. One of these statements may be the effect of the other statement. Read both the statements and decide which of the following answer choices correctly depicts the relationship between these two statements. Statement I: Roughly one-third of the world's commercial timber forests and thousands of related agroforestry systems face a severe structural collapse, a scenario that threatens to trigger widespread economic instability for millions of indigenous labourers and smallholder loggers globally. Statement II: Utilizing a global dataset spanning 4,200 woodland tracts and 1,800 symbiotic fungal organisms, researchers demonstrated that the compounding impacts of rising soil temperatures and intensive logging practices have driven a massive decline in vital mycorrhizal soil networks.
      A Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Both the statements I and II are independent causes Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Analyzing Statement II: This statement presents empirical scientific evidence revealing a core biological problem: a massive reduction in mycorrhizal soil networks driven by climate change (soil temperature) and human intervention (logging). This establishes a foundational ecological cause. Analyzing Statement I: This statement describes a massive, compounding crisis downstream: the structural collapse of commercial timber systems and the resulting socioeconomic threat (income instability) to the human populations that rely on those trees. This acts as the logical effect. Determining the Relationship: Forest trees depend entirely on symbiotic underground fungal networks to absorb nutrients and survive. Therefore, the destruction of the underlying soil networks (II) directly undermines the health of the entire forest ecosystem, which in turn causes the collapse of the timber economy and the economic instability of the laborers (I). Thus, Statement II is the cause, and Statement I is its effect.

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