Question

A custom stack implementation has a pop() method that is supposed to remove and return the top element. However, when the stack is empty, calling pop() causes an error (e.g., IndexError if using a list, or NullPointerException if using a linked list without proper checks). What is the most fundamental debugging step to prevent this underflow error?

A Ensure the push() method correctly adds elements.

B Implement a peek() method to view the top element without removing it.

C Add a check if not self.is_empty(): before attempting to access or remove an element.

D Increase the initial capacity of the stack.

E Use a try-except block around the pop() operation.

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