The Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 introduces specific provisions for trials conducted through electronic means. Under the BNSS, proceedings may be conducted through: 

One of the significant modernisations in the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 is the express provision for conduct of proceedings through audio-video electronic means. The BNSS empowers courts to conduct trials, inquiries, and proceedings, including the examination of complainants, witnesses, and accused persons, through electronic means subject to conditions as may be prescribed by the Central Government or the State Government. This represents a substantial departure from the CrPC, 1973, which did not originally contemplate electronic conduct of proceedings. The provision aims to make the criminal justice system more accessible, reduce delays caused by physical appearance requirements, and leverage technology for efficient administration of justice, while ensuring that fair trial rights are not compromised.