Under Section 2A of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, a dispute or difference between an individual workman and their employer is legally deemed to be an industrial dispute—even if no other workman or trade union is a party to the dispute—if the matter relates to or arises out of which of the following?

Statutory Provision: Section 2A(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 explicitly states that where any employer discharges, dismisses, retrenches, or otherwise terminates the services of an individual workman, any dispute or difference between that workman and their employer connected with, or arising out of, such discharge, dismissal, retrenchment, or termination shall be deemed to be an industrial dispute. Why Option 4 is Correct: Section 2A provides an exception to the general rule governed by Section 2(k). Prior to the insertion of Section 2A, an individual dispute could only become an industrial dispute if espoused or supported by a trade union or a substantial number of fellow workmen. Section 2A grants direct individual access to dispute resolution mechanisms specifically for cases involving termination of service (discharge, dismissal, retrenchment, or other forms of termination).