Who among the following management theorists proposed Theory Z, a hybrid management model combining Japanese management practices (long-term employment, consensus decision-making) with American organizational culture (individual responsibility)?

Understanding Theory Z (William Ouchi): Developed by William G. Ouchi in his 1981 book "Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge", Theory Z blends traditional American and Japanese management philosophy. Key Pillars of Theory Z: Long-term employment security: Fostering high loyalty and job security for employees. Consensus-based decision-making: Involving employees across levels in decision-making processes. Individual responsibility: Retaining individual accountability for outcomes. Slow evaluation and promotion: Focusing on systematic, long-term career growth rather than rapid advancement. Holistic concern for employees: Valuing the worker’s overall well-being, family, and work-life balance.