According to a report by the government think tank NITI Aayog and the Institute for Competitiveness, ________ has among of the lowest R&D expenditures worldwide.

According to a report by the government think tank NITI Aayog and the Institute for Competitiveness, India has among of the lowest R&D expenditures worldwide. In fact, R&D spending in India has decreased, falling from 0.8 per cent of GDP in 2008-09 to 0.7 per cent in 2017-18. According to data, India has a lower GERD than the other BRICS countries. Spending amounts for Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa are respectively 1.2 per cent, 1.1 per cent, over 2 per cent, and 0.8 per cent. Around 1.8 per cent is the global average.