Question

The concept of "expectancy theory" in motivation, as proposed by Victor Vroom, posits that an individual's motivation is determined by three key factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of instrumentality within this framework?   

A An employee believes that putting in extra effort will result in a positive performance evaluation.
B An employee is motivated by the prospect of a promotion and salary increase.
C An employee values the recognition and appreciation received for exceeding expectations.
D An employee is demotivated by the lack of opportunities for career advancement.
E An employee doubts their ability to meet the challenging goals set by their manager.
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