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The sentence tells us how opportunities for leisure activities showed a rise due to the growth of real wages and decline in the hours of work. Both 2 and 3 will fit here to convey the requisite meaning. Thus, (d) is the right answer. 1 is incorrect as the present participle construction HAVING + VERB is used to link two clauses, which is not needed here since AS has already been used to link the clauses.
If the arithmetic mean of x, x + 3, x + 6, x + 9 and x + 12 is 10, then x = ?