Which of the following is the main source of non-debt revenue for the Union Government?

The fiscal deficit of the Union Government, which reached 9.2 per cent of GDP during the pandemic year FY21, has moderated to 6.7 per cent of GDP in FY22 PA and is further budgeted to reach 6.4 per cent of GDP in FY23. This gradual decline in the Union government's fiscal deficit as a per cent of GDP, in line with the fiscal glide path envisioned by the government, is a result of careful fiscal management supported by buoyant revenue collection over the last two years. This resilience in the fiscal performance of the Centre has resulted due to a recovery in economic activity, buoyancy in revenues observed during the year, and conservative assumptions of macroeconomic variables in the Budget. The Union government's non-debt receipts comprise revenue receipts (tax and non-tax) and non-debt capital receipts. The shortfall in the non-debt receipts to meet the expenditure requirement is met by borrowings of the government (called fiscal deficit). This section evaluates the performance of the Receipts side of the Union Government's finances. Direct taxes, which broadly constitute half of the Gross Tax Revenue, have registered a YoY growth of 26 per cent from April to November 2022, enabled by corporate and personal income tax growth. The non-tax revenue to the Centre mainly includes interest receipts on loans to States and Union Territories, dividends and profits from Public Sector Enterprises and the Reserve Bank of India, and external grants and receipts for services the Union Government provides. Budget FY23 envisaged a lower collection of non-tax revenue receipts during the current year relative to FY22 (around 22.5 per cent lower than FY22 PA). Apart from the tax and non-tax revenue of the Union Government, non-debt capital receipts, which comprise recovery of loans and advances, and disinvestment receipts, have evolved as an important component of the non-debt receipts for the Union Government.