Which of the following is a primary rule of interpretation used by courts while construing statutes?

The Literal Rule is the primary and most fundamental rule of statutory interpretation. Under this rule, the words of the statute are to be interpreted in their plain, ordinary, and grammatical sense, unless doing so leads to an absurdity. If the language is clear and unambiguous, courts apply the literal meaning without looking into the intent behind the law. This respects the sovereignty of the legislature, assuming that the legislature means what it says. Other rules like the Mischief Rule (Heydon’s Case) or Golden Rule are used when literal interpretation leads to inconsistency or absurdity.