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      Question

      In the classical IS-LM framework with a vertical LM

      curve, the government increases expenditure financed by bond issuance. Which of the following outcomes correctly describes the complete effect?
      A IS shifts right; output rises by the full Keynesian multiplier; interest rate unchanged Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B IS shifts right; output unchanged; interest rate rises sufficiently to crowd out private investment by exactly the amount of the fiscal expansion Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C IS shifts right; both output and interest rate rise partially, with incomplete crowding out Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D LM shifts right as bond issuance increases money supply; output rises; interest rate falls Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Classical LM is vertical — fixed at full-employment output (perfectly interest-inelastic money demand). Any rightward IS shift only raises the interest rate until private investment falls by exactly ΔG — 100% crowding out. Output remains unchanged. This is the classical neutrality of fiscal policy. • (C) describes the Keynesian case (upward-sloping LM) with partial crowding out. • (D) is wrong — bond issuance does NOT expand money supply unless the central bank monetises the debt.

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