Select the related number from the given alternatives.

The amortized cost of appending an element at the end of a dynamic array is:

Which of the following accurately describes the role of virtual memory in modern operating systems?

Which of the following traversal methods is used to visit nodes in the order "left child, root, right child" in a binary tree?

Which memory is the fastest?

Given the following code snippet, which operation is performed on the binary tree to produce the output: 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 ?

Which OOP principle allows for restricting access to certain parts of an object while exposing only necessary parts for interaction?

In system design, what is the primary purpose of a feasibility study?

Which page replacement algorithm minimizes the number of page faults theoretically but is difficult to implement in practice?

Which SOLID principle ensures that a class has only one reason to change?

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an effective Management Information System (MIS)?