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    Question

    The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution includes

    “urban poverty alleviation” as a municipal function. Which constitutional mechanism ensures funds flow to municipalities for such functions?
    A Direct taxation by municipalities is unlimited. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    B Devolution via State budgets, grants-in-aid under Article 280 recommendations, and state statutes implementing devolution as mandated under Part IXA and enabling statutes ensure funds, but actual sufficiency depends on state compliance. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    C Municipalities receive direct grants from President. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    D Municipalities can mint local currency for funding. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    E Municipalities are funded only by central taxes. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

    Solution

    Although the Twelfth Schedule lists functions that may be entrusted to Municipalities, the Constitution does not guarantee them direct or independent financial powers. Municipal finances depend on State legislation, State Finance Commission recommendations, and grants under Articles 243Y and 280. This reflects the constitutional design of decentralization within State control, ensuring accountability and fiscal discipline. Courts have recognized that while Municipalities are constitutional bodies, their financial autonomy is mediated through State mechanisms, preserving cooperative federalism rather than fragmented governance.  

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