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    Question

    Which of the following best describes the constitutional

    status of municipal institutions created under Part IXA of the Constitution?
    A They are purely statutory bodies and the Constitution does not require their existence. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    B They are constitutional institutions, their structure and functions are constitutionally mandated, and their powers are to be determined by state statutes following the Twelfth Schedule. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    C Municipalities are directly controlled by the Parliament. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    D Municipal institutions have the same status as High Courts under the Constitution. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    E Part IXA abolished all earlier municipal laws. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

    Solution

    After the 74th Constitutional Amendment, Municipalities became constitutional institutions under Part IXA. Articles 243Q–243ZG guarantee their existence, tenure, reservation, and elections. Unlike statutory bodies, they cannot be abolished at the whim of State legislatures. However, their functional and financial powers depend on State laws. This reflects the constitutional vision of decentralization without fragmentation, ensuring urban local governance within the State framework. Courts have recognized municipalities as essential democratic units, but not as sovereign entities.

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