Natural Justice recognizes three principles: (i) Nemo debet essc judex in propria causa. (ii) Audi alterem partem, and (iii) Speaking orders or reasoned decisions. Nemo debet essc judex in propria causa-The first principle of impartiality roughly translated into English means nobody shall be a judge in his own cause or in a cause in which he is interested. This principle is more popularly known as the Doctrine of Bias. That is the authority sitting in judgment should be impartial and act without bias. To instill confidence in the system, justice should not merely be done but seen to be done Audi alterem partem - The second principle of natural justice literally means ―to hear the other side‖. This is necessary for providing a fair hearing and no doubt the rule against bias would also be a part of the procedure. A corollary has been deduced from the above two rules and particularly the audi alteram partem rule, namely ‗qui aliquid statuerit parte inaudita alteram actquam licet dixerit, haud acquum facerit‘ that is, ‗he who shall decide anything without the other side having been heard, although he may have said what is right, will not have been what is right‘ or in other words, as it is now expressed, ‗justice should not only be done but should manifestly be seen to be done‘. Issuance of Speaking Orders or Reasoned Decision - The third aspect of natural justice requires speaking orders or reasoned decisions. It is now universally recognized that giving reasons for a certain decision is one of the fundamentals of good administration and a safeguard against arbitrariness. The refusal to give reasons may excite the suspicion that there are probably no good reasons to support the decision. Hence reasons are useful as they may reveal an error of law, the grounds for an appeal or simply remove what might otherwise be a lingering sense of injustice on the part of the unsuccessful party.
In a 160 litres mixture of milk and water, the ratio of the milk to water is 4:1. If 28 litres mixture is taken out and replaced by same quantity of wat...
From a cask filled with wine, 108.75 liters are first drawn and replaced with water. From this mixture 87 liters are drawn and replaced with water. The ...
Quantity of water in a 450 litres mixture (alcohol + water) is 30 litres less than the quantity of alcohol in it. Find the quantity of water to be mixed...
In a mixture, the ratio of milk to water is 25:2. From this mixture, 27 litre is taken out and 35 lit of pure milk is added. Quantity of milk in final m...
99 ml of mixture ‘P’ contains milk and water in the ratio of 7:4, respectively is mixed with 30 ml of mixture ‘Q’ containing mil...
140 litres of mixture X contains acetone and glycerine in the ratio 5:9, respectively. 70 litres of the mixture is withdrawn and labelled as mixture Y a...
A recipe for a cake calls for 2.5 cups of milk and 3 cups of flour. With this recipe, a cake was baked using 14 cups of flour. How many cups of milk wer...
Two alloys are combined to create a new alloy. The first alloy contains 20% copper, and the second alloy contains 40% copper. If the resulting alloy has...
In the mixture of 84 liters, the ratio of milk and water is 5: 7. If this ratio is changed to 3: 5, then tell the amount of excess water (in liters) mix...