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      Question

       Under Section 5 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,

      2023, which of the following correctly describes facts that must be considered relevant?
      A Only facts that directly prove the fact in issue are relevant under Section 5 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts are relevant; this includes facts necessary to show how such facts came into existence, the circumstances under which they were brought about, and the results which followed from them Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Facts are relevant under Section 5 only if they occurred on the same date as the fact in issue Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Section 5 applies only to criminal proceedings, not civil disputes Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E All surrounding facts are automatically relevant regardless of their causal connection Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Section 5 of the BSA provides: "Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts, or such facts as show or tend to show how far such facts in issue or relevant facts are consistent with each other." This creates a broad principle encompassing: (i)  occasion facts : circumstances giving rise to the fact; (ii)  cause facts : why the fact occurred; (iii)  effect facts : consequences of the fact. The statute recognizes that understanding facts requires context—the factual matrix within which events unfolded. Section 5 essentially permits circumstantial evidence chains.

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