Henri Fayol identified 14 principles of management. Which of the following correctly distinguishes between two often-confused principles: 'Unity of Command' and 'Unity of Direction'?

These two principles are often confused but are distinct. Unity of Command (Principle 4): each employee should receive instructions from one and only one superior at a time. If an employee receives conflicting orders from two managers, it creates confusion, reduces discipline, and undermines accountability. Unity of Direction (Principle 5): there should be one head and one plan for all activities that have the same objective. For example, all marketing activities across divisions should have one marketing director and one coordinated marketing plan. The distinction: Unity of Command focuses on the individual employee's reporting relationship (one boss per employee), while Unity of Direction focuses on organisational activities (one plan per objective). Both principles promote coordination and avoid confusion, but at different levels.