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      Question

      Which of the following most accurately describes the

      concept of 'Moral Hazard' in the context of banking and financial systems?
      A The risk that bank employees will behave unethically when their conduct is not directly supervised Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B The risk that a depositor will withdraw savings without notice, causing a bank run Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C The tendency of a party that is protected from the consequences of its actions to behave differently typically more recklessly than it would if fully exposed to those consequences Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D The systemic risk arising when all banks hold similar asset portfolios and are simultaneously affected by the same shock Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E The risk that a regulator becomes excessively influenced by the industry it is supposed to regulate Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Moral Hazard arises when a party is insulated from the full consequences of its decisions creating an incentive to take on greater risk. In banking: (1) Deposit insurance reduces depositor incentive to monitor bank risk-taking; (2) 'Too-big-to-fail' institutions may accept excessive risks knowing they will be bailed out by the government; (3) Borrowers may use loan proceeds for riskier purposes than declared, once funds are disbursed. Option D describes 'concentration risk' or 'herd behaviour'. Option E describes 'regulatory capture'. Both are distinct concepts.

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