Question

Karnal bunt of wheat, a fungal disease of quarantine significance that affects grain quality and can severely restrict export potential, is primarily transmitted to a new crop through which mode(s)?

Q: Answer-Karnal bunt of wheat, a fungal disease of quarantine significance that affects grain quality and can...

Explanation Karnal bunt is transmitted through both seed-borne and soil-borne teliospores, which can survive in soil for several years, making the disease particularly difficult to eradicate once established in a field, and a major reason for the strict quarantine regulations imposed by importing countries.