Three of the following four are alike in a certain way

Predict the correct output

In red-black tree, if the parent node is red, colour of child nodes will be?

In tuple calculus, what does the ∃ symbol represent?

What is the purpose of the "self" parameter in a Python class method?

In dynamic programming, what is memoization?

In the context of ADTs, what does "encapsulation" refer to?

What does the "Model" represent in the MVC architecture?

What is the port number for HTTPS?

What this code line say?

int (*p )(char *a)         

Which machine learning models are trained to make aseries of decisions based on the rewards and feedback they receive for their actions