Which of the following accurately describes the legal position if Parliament enacts a law transferring an entry from State List to Union List without state ratification?

Any alteration of the federal balance, particularly changes affecting the distribution of legislative powers under the Seventh Schedule, requires adherence to the amendment procedure under Article 368. Federalism has been recognized as a basic structure feature in Kesavananda Bharati and S.R. Bommai. Parliament cannot indirectly amend the Constitution by ordinary legislation to shift legislative competence. Courts examine the substance of legislative action to prevent constitutional circumvention. This safeguard ensures that States remain equal partners in the constitutional framework and that unilateral central alteration of federal arrangements is constitutionally impermissible.