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      Question

      Read the following statements thoroughly and determine

      which one is correct: P1. Kesavananda Bharati established the basic structure doctrine limiting Article 368 and laid the ground for later courts to test Ninth Schedule laws against that doctrine. P2. I.R. Coelho held that any law placed in the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 is beyond judicial scrutiny.
      A Only P1 is correct. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Only P2 is correct. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Both are correct. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Neither is correct. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Both are correct with caveats. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      The evolution of constitutional limits on the Ninth Schedule is best understood through Kesavananda Bharati and I.R. Coelho. Kesavananda established the basic structure doctrine, limiting Parliament’s amending power under Article 368. I.R. Coelho applied this doctrine specifically to the Ninth Schedule, holding that laws placed therein are subject to basic structure review. Together, these judgments ensure that no constitutional amendment or legislative device can destroy the Constitution’s core identity. Judicial review, equality, and rule of law remain inviolable, preserving constitutional supremacy.

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