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      Question

      Which of the following correctly identifies a limitation

      placed on anti-defection disqualifications under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution by judicial interpretation?
      A Speaker’s decision is final and cannot be challenged. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B udicial review is available against Speaker/Chairman decisions on disqualification and courts can look into whether the Speaker acted mala fide or breached natural justice; however, jurisdictional nuances about delay and maintainability exist. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Tenth Schedule bars judicial review entirely Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Tenth Schedule requires President’s concurrence for disqualification. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Tenth Schedule allows defection for monetary consideration. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      The Tenth Schedule vests the Speaker with authority to decide questions of disqualification on grounds of defection. In Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu (1992), the Supreme Court upheld the validity of the anti-defection law but subjected the Speaker’s decisions to judicial review on grounds of mala fides, perversity, or violation of constitutional mandates. This ensures that the anti-defection law promotes political stability without becoming a tool of partisan abuse. Judicial oversight preserves fairness while respecting legislative autonomy.

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