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      Question

      The Eleventh & Twelfth Schedules of the Constitution

      list powers for Panchayats and Municipalities. Which statement best captures the constitutional nature of these lists?
      A They are exhaustive; states cannot assign additional functions beyond these lists Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B They are illustrative; States retain power to devolve additional functions to local bodies subject to constitutional structure and enabling law Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C They supersede the Seventh Schedule entries in case of conflict Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D They can only be amended by a Constitutional Amendment. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E They remove the State Legislature’s authority over local governance Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules, introduced by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities. These Schedules are illustrative, not exhaustive, and do not divest States of legislative competence under the Seventh Schedule. The constitutional design preserves State supremacy while encouraging decentralization. In State of U.P. v. Pradhan Sangh Kshettra Samiti (1995), the Supreme Court clarified that local bodies function as institutions of selfgovernment within the State framework. The Schedules guide States in implementing decentralization but leave room for flexibility based on administrative capacity, financial resources, and local conditions, reflecting India’s asymmetric federalism.

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