The Eleventh & Twelfth Schedules of the Constitution

Solution

The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules, introduced by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities. These Schedules are illustrative, not exhaustive, and do not divest States of legislative competence under the Seventh Schedule. The constitutional design preserves State supremacy while encouraging decentralization. In State of U.P. v. Pradhan Sangh Kshettra Samiti (1995), the Supreme Court clarified that local bodies function as institutions of selfgovernment within the State framework. The Schedules guide States in implementing decentralization but leave room for flexibility based on administrative capacity, financial resources, and local conditions, reflecting India’s asymmetric federalism.