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      Question

      The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with

      allocation of seats in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). Which principle underlies its composition?
      A Equal representation of all states regardless of size. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Proportional representation by population, with weightage to larger states but arithmetic adjustments for federal stability. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Allocation is by rotation annually among states. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Seats are assigned only to Part A states. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Rajya Sabha seats are fixed by each Governor. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) represents the federal principle in India’s parliamentary system. Its composition is governed by Article 80 and detailed in the Fourth Schedule, which allocates seats to States largely based on population. This reflects a model of weighted federalism, where larger States have greater representation, but all States participate in national legislation. Unlike the U.S. Senate’s equal representation model, India adopts proportionality to balance democracy and federalism. The Rajya Sabha also plays a crucial role in federal matters, such as enabling Parliament to legislate on State List subjects under Article 249, reinforcing its federal character.  

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