Which doctrine ensures that decisions affecting rights must be made after giving the affected party an opportunity to be heard?

The Principles of Natural Justice are fundamental to fair administrative procedure. The two key rules are: 1. Audi Alteram Partem – "Hear the other side" (no one should be condemned unheard) 2. Nemo Judex in Causa Sua – "No one shall be a judge in his own cause" These principles are not codified in a statute but are implicit in fairness and rule of law, and are enforceable through judicial review. • Landmark Case: Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) – SC held that fair procedure is essential under Article 21. • Relevance: Used to challenge arbitrary administrative actions.