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    Question

    Which doctrine ensures that decisions affecting rights

    must be made after giving the affected party an opportunity to be heard?
    A Doctrine of Ultra Vires Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    B Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    C Rule of Law Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    D Principles of Natural Justice Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

    Solution

    The Principles of Natural Justice are fundamental to fair administrative procedure. The two key rules are: 1. Audi Alteram Partem – "Hear the other side" (no one should be condemned unheard) 2. Nemo Judex in Causa Sua – "No one shall be a judge in his own cause" These principles are not codified in a statute but are implicit in fairness and rule of law, and are enforceable through judicial review. • Landmark Case: Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) – SC held that fair procedure is essential under Article 21. • Relevance: Used to challenge arbitrary administrative actions.

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