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When words have a latent meaning or a double meaning (pun), then it is defamatory. This is called "Innuendo". Sometimes the statement may be prima facie innocent but because of some latent or secondary meaning may be considered to be defamatory. When the natural and ordinary meaning is not defamatory but the plaintiff wants to bring an action of defamation, he must prove the latent or secondary meaning i.e., innuendo which makes the statement defamatory. For example, the statement that a lady has given birth to a child is defamatory when the lady is unmarried. Libel and slander are other forms of defamation. Libel is representation made in a permanent form like writing, movie, picture etc. For e.g., X printed some advertisement saying Y is bankrupt but Y was not thus it was representation in a specific form. Slander, on the other hand is the publication of a defamatory statement in transient form like spoken words or gestures. For e.g., A questions the chastity of B in an interview, A is slanderous.
Statements:
All jokers are clowns.
All clowns are masters.
Conclusions:
I. All jokers are masters. ...
Statements: Some doctors are painters
All painters are directors.
All directors are reporters
Conclusions: ...
Statements: All glasses are plates.
Some plates are bowls.
Conclusions:I. Some bowls are glasses.
II. No bowl is a glass.
Statements:
Some BMW are Audi.
All Ford are Audi.
Only a few Audi are Hondas.
Conclusions:
I. All Audi being Ho...
Statements:Some combs are boxes.
All boxes are mirrors.
Conclusions:I. Some boxes are combs.
II. Some mirrors are combs.
Statements: Some badminton are sports.
No sports is a player.
Conclusions: I. Some badminton are not player.
II. Some playe...
Statements:
Each Local is Town.
Some Towns are State.
No Town is Village.
Conclusions:
I: No Local is Village.
II: Some State are Locals.
Statements:Some pastries are cakes.
No cake is a pudding.
All puddings are sweets.
Conclusions:I. Some sweets are not cakes.
Statements: No painting is a frame.
All frames are lights.
Some lights are canvas.
Conclusions: I. No light is a painting.
Statements:
Some A are B
All C are E
No B is a D
Only a few E are A
Conclusions:
I) Some A are n...