Under Section 1(2) of the Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024, to which of the following categories does the Act NOT extend application?

Section 1(2) extends the Act's application to citizens of India wherever they may be, to Indian-registered aircraft and persons thereon wherever situated, to foreign-registered aircraft and persons thereon while in or over India, and to aircraft operated by non-citizens with their principal place of business or permanent residence in India. A foreign-registered aircraft permanently grounded and stored entirely outside Indian territory, with no operation in or over India and no Indian citizen connection, falls outside all four categories in clauses (a)–(d). This calibrated scope ensures coverage of Indian interests abroad while regulating foreign aircraft only where they have a nexus with Indian airspace or nationals.