In administrative law, the rule against bias (nemo judex in causa sua) requires that a decision-maker must not have a personal interest in the matter. Which of the following statements correctly reflects the Indian position on bias?

The rule against bias has three facets: pecuniary bias, personal bias, and bias as to subject-matter. Pecuniary interest, however small, operates as an automatic disqualification, as established in Dimes v. Grand Junction Canal. For personal bias, the Supreme Court in Manak Lal v. Dr. Prem Chand (1957) adopted the test of 'real likelihood of bias' - whether a reasonable man, in the circumstances, would think that there is a real likelihood of bias. The doctrine of necessity is an exception: where no other person is competent to decide, a judge with an interest may act. Apparent bias can suffice to invalidate a decision, and the principle applies to all adjudicatory bodies, whether judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative.