According to Section 54 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which facts may be proved through oral evidence?

Section 54 establishes the categorical rule: "All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence." This creates a critical distinction: oral evidence proves  substantive facts  (what happened, when, where, the accused's actions, etc.) but NOT  documentary contents  (what a document states, its exact language). Documentary contents require documentary evidence under Section 56 (primary or secondary evidence). The provision recognizes that oral testimony can establish events and circumstances but lacks reliability for reproducing exact documentary language, necessitating documentary proof.