Which network topology ensures full redundancy but is highly expensive and complex to implement?

In a Mesh topology , every device is connected to every other device, ensuring full redundancy. If one connection fails, data can still travel through alternative paths, making it highly reliable. This topology is particularly beneficial in critical environments like data centers or military communications where downtime is unacceptable. However, the cost of cabling and the complexity of configuring multiple connections for every device make mesh topology expensive and challenging to implement. For instance, a fully connected mesh network requires n(n−1)/2n(n-1)/2n(n−1)/2 links for nnn devices, which increases exponentially as the network size grows. Despite the costs, its fault tolerance makes it indispensable in high-availability scenarios. Why Other Options Are Incorrect :

1. Star : If the central hub fails, the network collapses, offering no redundancy.
2. Bus : A single point of failure at the backbone can bring down the entire network.
3. Ring : Limited redundancy since data flows in a specific direction; failure in one device can disrupt the network.
4. Hybrid : Combines features of other topologies but does not ensure full redundancy like Mesh.