Which file system is commonly used by modern Windows operating systems?

NTFS (New Technology File System) is the primary file system used by modern Windows operating systems, such as Windows 10 and Windows 11. It supports large file sizes and volumes, provides better data integrity, and includes features like file permissions, encryption, and journaling, which helps recover data in case of a crash. NTFS also allows for more efficient storage management and advanced features like shadow copies for backups. Its robustness makes it suitable for both personal and enterprise environments, emphasizing security and reliability. Why Other Options are Wrong: A) FAT32 is an older file system that has limitations, such as a maximum file size of 4 GB and lack of modern features. B) ext4 is a file system used in Linux environments, not Windows. C) HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus) is used by macOS and is not applicable to Windows systems. E) APFS (Apple File System) is also exclusive to macOS and does not relate to Windows.