Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees that no person shall be denied equality before the law or equal protection of laws within Indian territory?

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution establishes that "the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India." This Article forms the foundation of the right to equality, ensuring equal treatment of all individuals under law. The principle of equality before the law (of British origin) means no person is above the law regardless of status, while equal protection of laws (of American origin) ensures similar treatment in similar circumstances. For context, Article 12 defines "State," Article 13 invalidates laws contradicting fundamental rights, and Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or birthplace.