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    Question

    Consider the following statements: Assertion (A):

    India underwent modernization in the 19th century due to socio-religious reform movements. Reason (R): The fundamental ideas of socio-religious reform movements were based on rational, scientific, and secular outlooks, which are considered the hallmarks of modernization. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
    A A is true, but R is false. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    B R is true, but A is false. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    C Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
    D Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

    Solution

    • The 19th-century socio-religious reform movements in India played a crucial role in laying the foundation of modernization. • Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and others worked towards social change by promoting rational thinking, scientific attitudes, and a critical approach towards traditional customs. • Hence, Assertion (A) is true. • The Reason (R) correctly states that the core principles of these reform movements — rationality, scientific temper, and secularism — are essential attributes of modernization. Thus, both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A. Therefore, the correct answer is (d).

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