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      Question

      In the context of banking regulation, what is the key

      difference between 'resolution' and 'liquidation' of a failing bank?
      A Liquidation involves converting a bank's liabilities to equity, while resolution involves a complete shutdown and asset sale Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Both resolution and liquidation result in complete closure of the bank, differing only in the speed of execution Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Resolution refers to restructuring, merger, or recapitalisation of a failing bank to restore its viability while protecting depositors, whereas liquidation involves winding up and distributing assets to creditors Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Resolution is applicable only to foreign banks operating in India, while liquidation applies to domestic banks Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Liquidation is managed by the RBI directly, while resolution is managed by the Finance Ministry Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Resolution of a failing financial institution refers to a set of regulatory tools such as merger with a stronger bank, recapitalisation, bail-in, or transfer of assets and liabilities used to restore the institution to viability or enable its orderly exit without causing systemic damage, while protecting depositors and critical financial services. Liquidation, in contrast, involves formally winding up the institution: assets are sold, proceeds are used to repay creditors in order of priority (depositors, then bondholders, then shareholders), and the bank ceases to exist. The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance (FRDI) Bill, proposed but later withdrawn, sought to create a formal resolution framework for financial institutions in India.

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