Which of the following most precisely explains cost-push inflation?

Cost-push inflation occurs when the costs of production inputs  such as wages, crude oil, raw materials, or energy  rise, causing producers to pass these increased costs on to consumers in the form of higher prices. This pushes the aggregate supply curve leftward, raising the price level while output may fall (stagflation). Option A describes demand-pull inflation; Option C describes monetary inflation (Quantity Theory of Money); Option D could contribute to cost-push but is not the primary definition; Option E would typically reduce costs, not increase them.