1.      During a period of high market volatility,

Solution

In communication models (like the Shannon-Weaver model), noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal from the sender to the receiver. Systemic/Physical Noise refers to environmental or mechanical interference. In the stock market, Latency (the delay in data transmission) is a form of systemic noise where the medium itself (the cables, routers, or servers) degrades the timeliness and accuracy of the message.   Note: ·        Semantic Noise: This would imply a misunderstanding of the meaning of the words or numbers (e.g., the computer misinterpreted "$" as "€"). Here, the meaning was clear; the arrival was late. ·        Psychological Barrier: This involves human emotions or biases. The router and the algorithm have no "apprehension." ·        Filtering: Filtering is the intentional manipulation of information by a human sender to make it look more favorable to the receiver. A router delay is unintentional and mechanical. ·        Information Overload: While the system might be busy, overload is a condition of the receiver being unable to process volume. Systemic Noise specifically describes the interference in the channel that caused the delay