In each of the following questions, a sentence is given with a part printed in bold. Choose the option from among the alternatives given that best replaces the bold part to make the sentence grammatically and contextually correct. If the bold part does not require any replacement, choose option (e) No replacement required. The constitutional validity of any legislation that seeks to abridge fundamental rights must be tested not merely against the explicit provisions of Part III of the Constitution, but also against the implied unenumerated rights that the Supreme Court has progressively read into the constitutional text through a purposive and evolving interpretive framework that responds to changing social and technological realities.

The bold segment is grammatically precise and contextually accurate in every element. "the implied unenumerated rights" — correctly identifies rights not explicitly listed in the constitutional text but inferred through interpretive jurisprudence. "that the Supreme Court has progressively read into the constitutional text" — "that" correctly introduces a defining (restrictive) relative clause specifying which rights; "the Supreme Court" is a singular collective noun governing "has" (correct singular auxiliary); "progressively read into" is the accurate jurisprudential idiom for the process of expanding constitutional interpretation; "the constitutional text" uses the definite article correctly since it refers to the specific text of the Indian Constitution. Examining each option to confirm all contain errors: (a) "which" replaces "that" in a restrictive clause (non-standard); "progressively has" separates auxiliary from past participle incorrectly; "a constitutional text" uses the indefinite article, obscuring reference to a specific document. (b) "had progressively read" uses past perfect, implying the reading was completed before some other past reference point — wrong; the Court's interpretive work continues. (c) "have progressively read" uses plural auxiliary for the singular "the Supreme Court" — subject-verb agreement error. (d) "read in the constitutional text" replaces "read into" — the phrasal verb "read into" carries the specific legal meaning of inferring meaning from text; "read in" removes this nuance and is grammatically imprecise. Hence (e) No replacement required.