Question

The Peacock-Wiseman displacement effect implies a ratchet-like growth in public expenditure. Which sequence correctly describes the mechanism?

A Normal period → Social upheaval → Expenditure rises → Crisis ends → Expenditure returns to pre-crisis level → Long-run path smooth
B Normal period → Social upheaval → Expenditure rises sharply → Tolerable tax burden shifts upward → Crisis ends → Expenditure does NOT return to pre-crisis level → New higher plateau established
C Expenditure grows continuously because of Wagner’s Law — income elasticity of public goods > 1
D Social upheaval → Displacement effect → Inspection effect → Both effects together cause expenditure to fall as priorities are re-evaluated
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