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      Question

      Potato spindle tuber disease is transmitted by:

      A Mechanical contact Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      B Aphids Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      C Nematodes Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      D Whiteflies Correct Answer Incorrect Answer
      E Soil fungi Correct Answer Incorrect Answer

      Solution

      Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) spreads through contaminated tools or handling. Unlike viruses transmitted by vectors (options b-d), viroids lack capsids and rely on physical transfer.

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