_______ genes control apical – basal

Solution

GNOM is the definitive gene responsible for establishing and controlling apical–basal polarity during the very first cell division of the plant embryo. A mutation in the GNOM gene completely disrupts this axis, resulting in a spherical embryo that lacks both a root (basal) and a shoot (apical) pole. Monopteros (MP): Controls the formation of the basal region (specifically the primary root and hypocotyl), working downstream of auxin signaling. Gurke: Controls the development of the apical region (the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons). Fackel: Primarily affects central region development (hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon deletion).