Question
Which one of the following under Indian Evidence Act is
not a kind of estoppel?Solution
Regarding the given multiple-choice question, the correct answer is a) Estoppel by will. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 recognizes different kinds of estoppel which are as follows: Â a) Estoppel by deed: This type of estoppel arises when a party has made a solemn assertion in a deed or other instrument in writing, and is precluded from denying the truth of that assertion in a subsequent legal proceeding. b) Estoppel by conduct: This type of estoppel arises when a party has by their conduct, acquiesced to a certain state of affairs or has induced another party to believe in the existence of certain facts. The party is then precluded from denying the existence of those facts in a subsequent legal proceeding. c) Estoppel by record: This type of estoppel arises when a fact has been previously determined by a judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, and that determination is final and conclusive between the parties to the proceeding. However, "estoppel by will" is not a recognized type of estoppel under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. "Estoppel by will" is a legal doctrine under English law, which is based on the principle that a person cannot make a representation or promise in their will, and then act in a way that is inconsistent with that representation or promise.
11, 9, 15, 41 ,157, 789
(45)2 ÷ ∛729 + (35)2 ÷ 1.4 =?
6000 3002 1503 ? 378.75 191.375 97.6875
...23   27    54    ?       195    231
...28         57           172           689          ?              20677
...12Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 8Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 6Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 12Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 4.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 15
18      �...
299, 302, 308, 317, ?, 344
21 11.5 13 ? 45.5 116.75
...261Â Â Â Â Â 256Â Â Â Â Â Â 246Â Â Â Â Â Â 231Â Â Â Â Â 211Â Â Â Â Â ?
...9Â Â Â 4.5Â Â Â 4.5Â Â Â 9Â Â Â 36Â Â Â ?